Development of Plant Gametes - Video Tutorials & Practice Problems
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Plant Gamete Terminology
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Hi in this video we're gonna be talking about the development of plant gammy. So when it comes to plants there's a lot of different, I don't know why I'm ghost. There we go. There's a lot of different terminology. So let's make sure we understand this terminology and different books use different combinations. And sometimes they use one word and sometimes they use other words. So let's make sure we all are all on the same page with what people are talking about. So the first one is uh the unisex dialysis or Ghana Coric. And all three of these terms mean the same thing. And it's that the organism contains either male or female. So these are humans. Right? So the majority, the overwhelming majority of humans are either male or female. So that means that we're united sexual Dionysius, organic or depending on the term your book and Professor uses, then you have bisexual mano isha's or hermaphrodite, did it? And this means that the organisms contain male and female organs. And so um there sometimes some organisms will switch between the two. There are cases of that in humans um where uh certain chromosomal abnormalities result in um uh organism humans having both male and female um organs. But they typically inhuman settings are sterile but in a lot of different plants. Um these these are very common. So there's a third term called intersex and this generally refers to organisms with an intermediate sexual condition. So usually these are people that are plants we're talking about plants, they're supposed to have one or the other. But instead they have some weird mixture that's really not normal and these are generally sterile. Now there are two types of sexual differentiation and this depends on how we determine what sex a plant is. So primary sexual differentiation refers to the gametes produced. So do they produce eggs? Or do they produce in the case of plants pollen? Right. Um But for secondary sexual differentiation this refers to what we can see. So the overall sexual appearance. So this is referring to the actual sexual organs that the plant has. Whereas the primary sexual differentiation we can't really see. We can look at a flower and see you know what does it have mail cards or female parts. But we can't look and see what gametes it's producing. Um We can infer that from the secondary sexual differentiation but these are two different um ways of classifying the sex of the organism. I don't really have a great example for this. Hopefully it's just it's clear but I would really make sure you understand the difference between male or female and male and female. Um So with that let's now move on.
2
concept
Formation of Plant Gametes
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Okay, so now let's talk about the formation of plant gametes. So plants like animals have two life stages, there's a half Lloyd stage and a deployed stage. These are given fancy terms. So the half Lloyd is called the comedy fight and the deployed is called this for a fight. Now both the comedy fight and the spore a fight are used to create gametes. So how this works is you start off with hap Lloyd spores. That's not supposed to have Lloyd spores, let's actually highlight it. Now the hap Lloyd spores are created from mayo systems of this for a fight. So remember the spore fights deployed. So that's four fight undergoes mitosis and creates the spores. Now the spores themselves are not gammy but instead they undergo mitosis to create a lot of themselves to become gammy. So if we are to look at what this looks like, we start off with spores here. So the spores were created the spore fight here, this is deployed, it undergoes mitosis, creates the spores. The mitosis happens that creates a bunch of copies called the gamma to fight. These are where the gametes come from, they confuse together, create a zygote which again is deployed and undergo mitosis to create this for a fight. Hopefully I wasn't standing in the way hopefully you can see all that. And so this is super important. Now the structures of this for a fight and the gamma to fight are different, which makes sense because one is deployed, one tabloid different types of cells. Um So typically what you see is the flower, you can actually see this for a fight in it. And the gamma to fight is actually only a few half Lloyd cells. So it's not a ton. So it's small, you can't really see it and it resides within the flower. So um yeah so the plant um typically most plants contain both male and female organs. So the male organ is called the stamen. And this has micros parasites. These are the deployed remember this poor sites deployed these undergo mitosis to form hap hap Lloyd micro spores. And micro spores undergo mitosis to produce the half Lloyd pollen which is the gamma to fight. So when we talk about male, we're using micro right? That's the term we're using when we talk about female that is called the stigma and this is mega spores. And it's the same thing that happens mega sports undergo mitosis to create our mega mega sports sites undergo mitosis to create mega spores. Um Most of these mega spores die usually one divides or one survived and it divides by mitosis. And what happens is it actually creates a single eight hap Lloyd nuclei. So this is this is um there's eight individual hap Lloyd nuclei here and the eight nuclei complexes called the army to fight. So this is a bit different. So the micro scores there can be tons of them and their releases pollen and we all know that pollen. There's a whole crap ton of pollen that's released whereas the female is much more specific. It creates this much smaller structure. So here's an example of this. So we have our micro spores. It's deployed, it undergoes mitosis to create the micro spores which are hap Lloyd undergoes mitosis to create a lot of them. This is pollen because we're talking about micro spores, spores are a little different, but this is also hap Lloyd and consider the army to fight stage of the plant. Now fertilization occurs when the pollen lands on the stigma and so the pollen and the female gamete a fight which is given a term called the embryo sac come together and they create a deployed zygote. So that is just an example of the development of plant gametes and how they are fertilized. So with that let's now move on.
3
concept
Chlamydomonas
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2m
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Okay, so now let's talk about Claudia Ramona's. Now, Claudia Simonis is an algae and it has an interesting life cycle. Now, not all of you will see this in your book, but some of you will see it in lab. Some of it it is in your book. Um So I thought I would include it here for the for the people of you that will see it either in lab or in class. Now, Claudia Simonis is an algae and for most of its life, its hap Lloyd meaning that it's a sexually reproduces via mitosis, it just creates exact copies of itself. However, there are certain conditions that the algae gets into. It can be high salt or weird ph or temperature whatever the conditions are, but there are certain conditioner that results in a fusion of two of the Hap Lloyd cloudy Demona and this when they fuse together creates a deployed organism that exists. Now when those conditions are removed. So the salt concentration goes back to normal phs find temperature drops or you know, it goes back to how it's supposed to be my Asus can occur on this deployed organism and this organism will actually produce these half Lloyd Zeus fours. These are half Lloyd cells and half there half Lloyd now. So they reverted back to how they are normally right. But the interesting part of this that scientists have found is that not all platinum minus organisms are able to fuse together. Only certain combinations of them confused. So they've discovered that there are two mating types uh classified by a positive or a negative sign M. T. Plus or M. T. Negative. Those are the two types and the empty plus will only fuse or mate with the M. T. Negative. So it has to be the opposite type in order for them to make. However, when you look at cloudy tomatoes, if you have a bunch of cloudy kimonos and you're looking under a microscope at it, they are called ice a gamut because you can't tell them apart by looking at them. They're not morphological distinguishable, they look exactly the same, but something inside of them is different and that is what allows the different mating types to be able to make. So here's what cloudy almost looks like. You can see there's a few different ones here. Obviously you don't know what you're looking for. But even if you did you wouldn't be able to tell which one is making type positive or making type negative because their eyes are gone. It's and that means that they look exactly the same. But they do have something different about them that allows them to fuse the appropriate type. So with that let's now move on.
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Problem
Problem
Which of the following terms can be used to describe an organism that contained either male or female sex organs, but not both.
A
Bisexual
B
UnIsexual
C
Intersex
D
Sexually differentiated
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Problem
Problem
Which of the following is the diploid life cycle stage in plants?
A
Gametophyte
B
Spores
C
Sporophyte
D
Gametes
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Problem
Problem
In the alternations of generations life cycle, which cellular division process is used to create gametes?
A
Meiosis
B
Mitosis
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Problem
Problem
Microsporocytes undergo which cellular process to form microspores?
A
Meiosis
B
Mitosis
8
Problem
Problem
Megaspores are created in the male stamen.
A
True
B
False
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